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Industry packs
Start every decision from researched ground.
37 industry packs, from refining and LNG to data centres and transmission. Each one holds the sourced parameters, price feeds, swing factors and project templates a capital committee would otherwise rebuild from scratch, with every number linked to where it came from.
662 parameters, 384 swing factors, 506 price feeds and 925 listed tickers across 220 sub-industries, with 651 cited sources. Packs are versioned (latest review 5 Oct 2026) and the version a decision used is pinned to its record.
What is in every pack
Four layers, one baseline you can argue with.
A pack is not a benchmark report. It is the starting model for a project: ranges rather than points, the swings that usually move value, and where each number came from.
Sourced parameters
Capex intensity, build months, cost and schedule overrun, WACC, IRR, utilisation, margins and sector-specific values. Each has a low and high, an evidence kind (sourced, estimate or designed), a review date and a link to its source.
Price feeds & market tickers
The commodity, rate and price series that move the case (FRED, EIA, World Bank, exchange tickers) and the listed operators, suppliers and customers whose prices react first.
Swing factors
The swings that recur in the sector, each with a typical probability, cost and schedule impact, the shared factors that drive it, and the leading indicators to watch.
Project templates
A work breakdown with optimistic, most-likely and pessimistic durations, plus a cost breakdown that records how much of each line rides on steel, copper or electrical equipment.
The packs
37 industries, four groups.
Filter by group or search by sector, technology or sub-industry. Each brief shows the whole pack: parameters with sources, swing factors, signals, templates and where the evidence disagrees.
Biofuels
Production of liquid and gaseous renewable fuels: 1G ethanol from cane/molasses and grain (maize, FCI rice, corn), 2G cellulosic ethanol, sustainable…
ethanol, SAF, biogas 1G ethanol - cane juice / B-heavy & C-heavy molasses 1G ethanol - grain (maize, FCI rice, damaged grain; US corn dry mill) 2G cellulosic ethanol (rice straw, bamboo, bagasse) SAF / renewable diesel via HEFA (hydroprocessed esters & fatty acids) SAF via alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) SAF via gasification + Fischer-Tropsch / e-SAF (PtL) Renewable diesel / HVO Compressed biogas (CBG) / RNG FAME biodiesel- Capex intensity
- 1.8 INR crore per KLPD
- Build time
- 20 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Fertilizers & ammonia
Nitrogen (ammonia, urea, UAN, ammonium nitrate), phosphatic (DAP/NPK/TSP) and specialty fertilizers, plus low-carbon ammonia (blue with CCS, green…
Gas-based ammonia-urea complexes Coal/petcoke gasification-based urea DAP / NPK / phosphatic fertilizers Nano urea / nano DAP & specialty fertilizers Blue (low-carbon) ammonia with CCS Green (renewable) ammonia- Capex intensity
- 950 USD per tpa urea
- Build time
- 45 months
- Cost overrun
- 20% mean
Green hydrogen & derivatives
Renewable (electrolytic) hydrogen made with alkaline, PEM and solid-oxide electrolysers, plus its derivatives: green ammonia, e-methanol and e-fuels.
Alkaline electrolysers (ALK / pressurised ALK) PEM electrolysers Solid oxide electrolysers (SOEC) Green ammonia e-Methanol & e-fuels (e-SAF) Electrolyser manufacturing (gigafactories)- Capex intensity
- 2,200 USD per kW electrolysis installed
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 25% mean
LNG
Liquefied natural gas value chain infrastructure: export liquefaction trains (large-scale onshore, mid-scale/modular, floating) and import…
liquefaction & regasification Large-scale onshore liquefaction trains (US Gulf Coast, Qatar, Canada) Mid-scale / modular liquefaction Floating LNG (FLNG) Floating storage & regasification units (FSRU) Onshore regasification terminals- Capex intensity
- 1,050 USD per tpa
- Build time
- 48 months
- Cost overrun
- 12% mean
Midstream pipelines & city gas distribution
Long-distance gas transmission, crude and refined-product/NGL pipelines, compression and storage, plus India's city gas distribution (CGD) networks.
Natural gas transmission pipelines Crude oil pipelines Refined product, LPG & NGL pipelines City gas distribution (India CGD) Gas storage & compression Hydrogen-ready / hydrogen backbone pipelines (EU)- Capex intensity
- 3.6M USD per km
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 25% mean
Petrochemicals
Steam crackers (naphtha, ethane, LPG or dual/mixed feed) and on-purpose propylene units convert hydrocarbons into ethylene, propylene, butadiene and…
olefins, polymers & aromatics Naphtha steam cracker Ethane cracker (US Gulf / Middle East) Dual/mixed-feed cracker (refinery-integrated) Polyethylene (HDPE / LLDPE / swing / LDPE) Polypropylene (homo, random, impact copolymer) Mono-ethylene glycol (EO/EG) Butadiene extraction & synthetic rubber feed Aromatics (benzene/PX) & PTA PVC (EDC/VCM/PVC chain) On-purpose propylene (PDH / metathesis / high-severity FCC)- Capex intensity
- 4,000 USD per tpa ethylene
- Build time
- 52 months
- Cost overrun
- 35% mean
Petroleum refining
Refineries separate and convert crude oil into fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet, LPG), feedstocks (naphtha, propylene, aromatics) and specialties…
Hydroskimming / topping refinery Cracking refinery (FCC / hydrocracker) Deep-conversion / coking refinery Refinery-petrochemical integration (crude-to-chemicals) Bitumen & lube base oils- Capex intensity
- 32,000 USD per bpd
- Build time
- 48 months
- Cost overrun
- 45% mean
Specialty chemicals
Performance- and function-priced chemicals made in multi-step batch or semi-continuous plants: agrochemical actives and intermediates…
Agrochemicals (actives & intermediates, custom synthesis) Fluorochemicals & refrigerants Pharma intermediates / CDMO Performance polymers & additives Coatings, adhesives, sealants & construction chemicals Surfactants & personal-care ingredients Battery chemicals & electrolytes (optional)- Capex intensity
- 5,000 USD per tpa
- Build time
- 24 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Upstream oil & gas
Exploration, appraisal, development and production of crude oil, condensate and natural gas, from short-cycle US shale wells (USD 8-11m per well…
E&P Onshore conventional fields (incl. EOR) US shale / tight oil Shallow-water offshore (shelf, fixed platforms) Deepwater / ultra-deepwater (FPSO, subsea) Gas field development (onshore/offshore, incl. LNG feed gas)- Capex intensity
- 40,000 USD per flowing boe/d
- Build time
- 48 months
- Cost overrun
- 20% mean
Data centres
Hyperscale self-build and leased capacity, wholesale/retail colocation, and gigawatt-scale AI training campuses (Stargate Abilene, Meta Hyperion, xAI…
hyperscale, colocation, AI training campuses Hyperscale self-build campuses Wholesale and retail colocation AI training / GPU 'AI factory' campuses incl. neoclouds Edge and enterprise data centres On-site / bridging power for data centres- Capex intensity
- 12 USD million per MW critical IT
- Build time
- 20 months
- Cost overrun
- 10% mean
Energy storage
Grid-scale lithium-ion (mostly LFP) battery energy storage systems for arbitrage, capacity and ancillary services; behind-the-meter C&I storage…
utility BESS, C&I storage, pumped hydro, long-duration Utility-scale Li-ion BESS (2-4 h LFP) C&I and behind-the-meter storage Pumped storage hydro (PSP, 6-10 h) Long-duration storage (iron-air, flow, CAES, thermal) Cell, DC block and PCS manufacturing / integration- Capex intensity
- 300 USD/kWh
- Build time
- 12 months
- Cost overrun
- 8% mean
EV & battery gigafactories
Lithium-ion cell gigafactories (LFP, NMC, emerging sodium-ion), upstream active materials (pCAM/CAM, graphite/silicon anodes), pack assembly and…
cell manufacturing, cathode/anode materials, EV OEM plants Li-ion cell gigafactories (LFP/NMC/LMFP, sodium-ion) Cathode (pCAM/CAM), anode and electrolyte plants EV and e-2W/3W vehicle assembly plants Battery pack/module assembly Battery recycling and black-mass refining- Capex intensity
- 90 USD million per GWh/yr
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 25% mean
Nuclear power
Firm zero-carbon baseload from large light-water (AP1000, EPR, VVER, APR1400) and Indian PHWR-700 reactors, fast breeders (PFBR), small modular…
large LWR/PHWR, SMRs, restarts and life extensions Large LWR (AP1000, EPR/EPR2, APR1400, VVER-1200) Indian PHWR-700 fleet mode Small modular reactors (LW-SMR 50-470 MWe) Advanced non-LWR (sodium-fast, HTGR, molten salt, microreactors) Restarts, uprates and long-term operation- Capex intensity
- 9,000 USD/kW
- Build time
- 96 months
- Cost overrun
- 117% mean
Semiconductor manufacturing
Wafer fabrication (leading-edge logic, memory/HBM, mature-node and specialty/compound semiconductors) and back-end assembly, test, marking and…
front-end fabs, OSAT/ATMP, display & compound semis Leading-edge logic foundry fabs (N3/N2/18A and below) DRAM/HBM and NAND fabs Mature-node and specialty fabs (28-180 nm, power, analog, SiC/GaN) OSAT / ATMP and advanced packaging Display fabs, equipment-component and materials plants- Capex intensity
- 0.22M USD per WSPM
- Build time
- 42 months
- Cost overrun
- 25% mean
Solar PV
The largest single item of global energy investment (~USD 450bn in 2025), spanning utility-scale plants (fixed/tracker, increasingly hybridised with…
utility-scale, rooftop/C&I, module & cell manufacturing Utility-scale PV (single-axis tracker / fixed tilt) Rooftop and C&I / community solar PV + storage hybrids / FDRE Module assembly (TOPCon/HJT/bifacial) Cells, wafers, ingots and polysilicon- Capex intensity
- 900 USD/kWac
- Build time
- 15 months
- Cost overrun
- 1.3% mean
Telecom networks
Mobile radio access networks (5G NSA/SA, FWA), fibre-to-the-home and backbone/backhaul fibre, passive tower infrastructure, and subsea/terrestrial…
5G/6G RAN, fibre, towers, subsea cables Mobile RAN (5G/5G-SA, FWA, small cells) FTTH/FTTx access fibre Towers and passive infrastructure Long-haul, metro and data-centre interconnect fibre Subsea cable systems and landing stations- Capex intensity
- 20% of revenue
- Build time
- 18 months
- Cost overrun
- 10% mean
Thermal power generation
Dispatchable fossil generation: supercritical/ultra-supercritical coal (India's 2032 build-out of 80-90+ GW), gas combined-cycle and peaking plants…
coal SC/USC, CCGT, peakers, FGD retrofits Supercritical / ultra-supercritical coal (660-800 MW units) Gas combined-cycle (H/J/F-class, 500-1,400 MW) Simple-cycle peakers (frame/aeroderivative CTs, RICE) Emission-control retrofits (wet limestone FGD, SCR, ESP) R&M, life extension and flexibilisation- Capex intensity
- 1,100 USD/kW
- Build time
- 54 months
- Cost overrun
- 13% mean
Transmission & distribution
The grid build-out that gates every other power and digital asset: EHV AC lines and substations, HVDC corridors (Khavda, Ladakh, SunZia, SuedLink…
HV/EHV lines, substations, HVDC, distribution & smart metering EHV/HV AC transmission lines (220-765 kV) AIS/GIS substations and transformers HVDC links (LCC/VSC, +/-320 to +/-800 kV; subsea and overland) Distribution network and loss reduction Smart meters / AMI (prepaid) and grid digitalisation- Capex intensity
- 0.6 USD million per km
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 8% mean
Wind power
Onshore wind (India's 56 GW fleet, US Midwest/Texas, EU repowering) and offshore wind (North Sea, Baltic, US East Coast, Taiwan/Korea, India's first…
onshore, offshore fixed-bottom and floating Onshore wind (3-7 MW turbines) Repowering and life extension Offshore wind, fixed-bottom (monopile/jacket, 12-15 MW) Floating offshore wind Turbine, blade, tower and foundation manufacturing- Capex intensity
- 1,700 USD/kW
- Build time
- 18 months
- Cost overrun
- 8% mean
Airports
Greenfield airports, terminal expansions, runways/airside and landside works delivered via PPP concessions (India, EU) or public authorities with…
greenfield, terminal expansion, airside Greenfield airport (runway + terminal + landside) Terminal building / expansion Runways, taxiways & aprons Cargo terminals & MRO Air navigation services & ATC Brownfield airport concession/privatisation- Capex intensity
- 120 USD per annual passenger of…
- Build time
- 48 months
- Cost overrun
- 14% mean
Aluminium
Bauxite mining, Bayer alumina refining and Hall-Héroult smelting (13-15 MWh per tonne), plus casthouse and rolling.
smelters, alumina refineries, rolling Primary aluminium smelter Alumina refinery (Bayer process) Bauxite mining Captive power for smelters Rolling, extrusion & recycling- Capex intensity
- 5,500 USD per tpa aluminium
- Build time
- 42 months
- Cost overrun
- 25% mean
Automotive manufacturing
Greenfield and brownfield vehicle assembly plants (press, body, paint, general assembly), powertrain/EV battery-pack lines and tier-1 component…
vehicle plants, components, battery packs Passenger-vehicle assembly plant EV battery cell & pack plants Two- and three-wheeler plants Commercial vehicle / bus plants Tier-1 component plants Engine/transmission & e-axle plants- Capex intensity
- 3,000 USD per unit of annual vehicle…
- Build time
- 26 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Cement & aggregates
Clinker production in dry-process rotary kilns with preheater/precalciner, plus grinding units, ready-mix concrete and aggregates.
Integrated cement plant (mine + kiln + grinding) Split grinding unit Ready-mix concrete plants Aggregates quarries CCUS / low-carbon retrofit Waste-heat recovery & captive renewables- Capex intensity
- 110 USD per tpa cement
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Commercial real estate
Development and ownership of Grade-A offices/tech parks, logistics warehouses, retail and mixed-use assets, increasingly held in listed REITs.
offices, warehouses, mixed-use; REITs Grade-A office / IT park Logistics & industrial warehouses Retail malls & high streets Mixed-use & integrated townships REIT / InvIT ownership platforms Government/public redevelopment- Capex intensity
- 85 USD per sq ft
- Build time
- 36 months
- Cost overrun
- 58% mean
Iron & steel
Integrated (blast furnace / basic oxygen furnace) and electric (gas- or coal-based DRI, scrap EAF) steelmaking, plus near-zero routes using hydrogen…
BF-BOF, DRI-EAF, green steel Integrated BF-BOF steel plant Gas-based DRI + EAF Coal-based DRI (rotary kiln) + induction/EAF Scrap-based EAF mini-mill Hydrogen DRI green steel Downstream rolling, coating & pipes- Capex intensity
- 1,000 USD per tpa crude steel
- Build time
- 42 months
- Cost overrun
- 24% mean
Mining & metals
Open-pit and underground mines with processing (concentrators, heap leach, lithium conversion) and downstream smelting/refining. 2026 features record…
copper, lithium, iron ore, coal; concentrators & smelters Copper mine + concentrator Copper smelter & refinery Lithium (spodumene, brine/DLE, clay) + conversion Iron ore mine + rail + port Opencast coal (India) Zinc/lead mines & smelters- Capex intensity
- 30,000 USD per annual tonne Cu
- Build time
- 48 months
- Cost overrun
- 27% mean
Ports, terminals & shipbuilding
Greenfield and brownfield deep-water ports, container/bulk/liquid terminals, transshipment hubs, dredging and hinterland connectivity, plus…
Container terminal (greenfield/brownfield) Greenfield deep-water / offshore port Dry bulk & liquid terminals Transshipment hub Shipbuilding & repair yard Inland waterways & coastal shipping terminals- Capex intensity
- 600 USD per TEU/yr capacity
- Build time
- 48 months
- Cost overrun
- 30% mean
Railways & metro
Heavy-rail network expansion, high-speed rail, urban metro/RRTS and dedicated freight corridors, including civil works, track, traction power…
HSR, metro, dedicated freight corridors High-speed rail (≥250 km/h) Metro — elevated Metro — underground Dedicated freight corridors New lines, doubling & gauge conversion Rolling stock manufacturing Signalling & electrification- Capex intensity
- 45 USD million per route-km
- Build time
- 60 months
- Cost overrun
- 39% mean
Roads & highways
Design, construction, financing and operation of national highways, expressways, bridges and toll roads under EPC, Hybrid Annuity (HAM), BOT-toll…
expressways, NH, toll roads National highway widening / new alignment (EPC) Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) BOT-toll / concession roads Access-controlled expressways Major bridges, sea links & tunnels US interstate reconstruction & managed lanes TOT / InvIT asset monetisation- Capex intensity
- 3.5 USD million per km
- Build time
- 34 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Water & wastewater
Bulk water supply, treatment plants, distribution networks, sewage treatment (STPs), water reuse and seawater desalination, delivered via EPC…
supply schemes, STPs, desalination Sewage / wastewater treatment plants Water treatment & bulk supply schemes Seawater reverse-osmosis desalination Distribution networks, metering & NRW reduction Storm/sewer tunnels & storage Water reuse & industrial water/ZLD- Capex intensity
- 0.25 USD million per MLD
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 20% mean
Aerospace & defence
Commercial aerostructures and engines, defence platforms (aircraft, missiles, ammunition, naval), precision components (castings, forgings…
manufacturing, MRO, India indigenisation Aerostructures & components Engine parts, castings & forgings Airframe MRO hangars Engine MRO shops Defence platforms (aircraft, helicopters, ships, armoured vehicles) Ammunition, explosives & missiles Defence electronics (radars, EW, avionics, seekers)- Capex intensity
- 450 USD per sq ft
- Build time
- 24 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Climate-tech ventures
Venture and growth investments, minority stakes and acquisitions in energy-transition startups (hydrogen & electrolysers, CCUS, biofuels/SAF, battery…
investment portfolio mode Seed & Series A minority stakes Series B/C/growth minority stakes Control acquisition / buyout of a startup JV / project equity in FOAK plant Offtake, venture debt & commercial pilots- Capex intensity
- 10M USD typical ticket per investment
- Build time
- 36 months
- Cost overrun
- 50% mean
Corporate annual capex portfolio
Generic model of an industrial company's 'regular' annual capital programme: 100-500 small and mid-sized projects across sustaining/maintenance, HSE…
industrial company Sustaining / maintenance capex (stay-in-business) HSE & regulatory / compliance Debottlenecking / brownfield capacity creep Growth / expansion IT / digital / automation Energy efficiency & decarbonisation- Capex intensity
- 6% of revenue
- Build time
- 9 months
- Cost overrun
- 12% mean
FMCG & food processing
Packaged foods, beverages, dairy, edible oils, personal & home care manufacturing.
Packaged foods (noodles, biscuits, snacks, confectionery) Beverages (CSD, juices, packaged water, dairy drinks) Dairy processing (milk, cheese, powders, ice cream) Edible oil refining & packing Meat, poultry, seafood processing Home & personal care (detergents, soaps, cosmetics) Primary agri processing (rice, flour, pulses, spices)- Capex intensity
- 700 USD per tonne/yr capacity
- Build time
- 18 months
- Cost overrun
- 10% mean
Healthcare delivery
Multi-specialty and tertiary hospitals, specialty chains (oncology, cardiac, mother & child, eye, dialysis), diagnostics and ambulatory/outpatient…
hospitals & clinical infrastructure Tertiary / quaternary multi-specialty hospital Secondary / tier-2 hospital Specialty chains (oncology, cardiac, eye, IVF, dialysis) Diagnostic labs & imaging Ambulatory surgery / outpatient centres Public / government hospitals & AIIMS- Capex intensity
- 15M INR per bed
- Build time
- 36 months
- Cost overrun
- 20% mean
Pharmaceuticals & biotech
Covers small-molecule API (bulk drug) plants, oral-solid and sterile formulation plants, biologics drug-substance/drug-product facilities and…
API, formulations, biologics, CDMO, R&D pipeline API / bulk drug & KSM plants Oral solid dose formulations Sterile injectables / fill-finish (vials, PFS, cartridges) Biologics drug substance (mAbs, biosimilars) CDMO / CRDMO (small molecule, biologics, ADC, peptides) Vaccines R&D pipeline (portfolio of clinical assets)- Capex intensity
- 8,000 USD per litre biologics capacity
- Build time
- 30 months
- Cost overrun
- 15% mean
Warehousing, logistics parks & cold chain
Grade A warehouses, industrial & logistics (I&L) parks, fulfilment centres, temperature-controlled (cold/frozen) storage and reefer distribution.
Grade A dry warehouse / I&L park Automated fulfilment / e-commerce DC Cold / frozen storage warehouse Pharma GDP cold chain (2-8 C, -20 C, ULT) Reefer trucks & containers Agri cold stores & pack-houses (farm-gate)- Capex intensity
- 30 USD per sq ft
- Build time
- 12 months
- Cost overrun
- 8% mean
Stats on each card are the pack defaults: typical capex intensity in the sector's own unit, construction months and mean cost overrun for the sector. Ranges and sources are in each brief.
How packs feed a decision
From a pack to a committee paper.
The pack is the opening position. Your own estimates, quotes and actuals replace it line by line, and the record shows which numbers are still pack defaults.
- 01 · PACK
Pin the baseline
The project opens from a pack version. Parameters, swing factors and templates are copied in and pinned, so a later refresh never changes a past decision.
- 02 · RANGES
Ranged estimates
Parameter ranges and WBS durations seed P50, P80 and P90 for capex, schedule and value instead of a single point.
- 03 · SHARED FACTORS
Correlated swings
Swing factors and cost lines are wired to shared factors such as copper, steel, rates and power price, so one shock hits every exposed project in the same scenario.
- 04 · COMMITTEE
One envelope
The ranged options compete for the same capital, routed through your delegation of authority and recorded so the run replays.
Bring us one real decision in your industry.
We start it from the matching pack and pin that version to the record. If your industry is missing, write to hi@capibud.com.